Understanding the Spiritual Significance of Islamic Months

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Over 1.8 billion Muslims worldwide use the Islamic month calendar to schedule significant religious observances.

The Islamic month calendar also known as the Hijri calendar consists of 12 months. Each Islamic month carries a specific meaning, distinct characteristics, and historical significance, offering a cyclical journey through time.

Allah (SWT) mentioned these cycles in the Qur’an:
“He is the One Who made the sun a radiant source and the moon a reflected light, with precisely ordained phases, so that you may know the number of years and calculation ˹of time˺. Allah did not create all this except for a purpose. He makes the signs clear for people of knowledge.”
(Surah Younas: 05)

Let’s dive deep into the details of Islamic months:

1. Muharram — a Blessed Start

Muharram, the first month of the Islamic calendar, means 'forbidden' in Arabic.

Muharram marks the start of the Islamic calendar and is one of the four sacred Muslim months when fighting is forbidden. The 10th day of Muharram, known as Ashura, holds special significance. It marks the parting of the Red Sea for Prophet Moses (Musa) and the martyrdom of Imam Hussein at the Battle of Karbala.

2. Safar — A Concept of Emptiness

Safar, the second month, means ‘void’ in Arabic.

Some say Safar refers to empty Arab homes during food gathering, while others connect it to the looting after battles. During Safar, Allah (SWT) directed Muslims to migrate to Medina, underscoring the peaceful nature of Islam.

3. Rabi’ al-Awwal — The Spring of Joy

Rabi’ al-Awwal, the third month, translates to ‘the first spring’ or ‘to graze.’

Rabi’ al-Awwal symbolizes new life as cattle start grazing. This month is significant for Muslims because it marks the birth of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) in 570 A.D. However, it also brings mixed emotions since he passed away during this month in 632 A.D.

4. Rabi’ al-Thani — A Time for Reflection and Renewal

Rabi’ al-Thani, the fourth Islamic month, means ‘the second spring.’

While Rabi al-Thani is a time for reflection on renewal and growth, it is also a period of mourning for some Muslims. This month witnessed the deaths of notable figures, including Fatimah bint Musa and Sufi Sheikh Abdul-Qadir Gilani.

5. Jumada al-Awwal — The Initial Dry Period

Jumada al-Awwal, the fifth month, translates to ‘the first parched land.’

Historical interpretations suggest Jumada al-Awwal relates to the onset of summer. Others believe it signifies frozen conditions that lead to parched land, reflecting the diverse climates in different regions.

In Jumada al-awwal, the Battle of Moota took place. In this battle, Zaid bin Haritha (RA) led 3,000 Muslims against a Roman army of more than 200,000. All three commanders appointed by the Prophet (peace be upon him) perished in this battle.

6. Jumada al-Thani — Approaching the End of Drought

The sixth month, Jumada al-Thani, means ‘the last parched land.’

Muslims from various sects commemorate different events during this month. Fatimah al-Zahra, the daughter of Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), was both born and passed away in Jumada al-Thani. Additionally, it marks the death of Caliph Abu Bakr.

7. Rajab — The Sacred Month of Peace

Rajab, the seventh month of the Islamic calendar, means "respect" or "honor."

Rajab is one of the holy months for Muslims, emphasizing peace and non-violence. It prepares Muslims for the holy months of Ramadan and Dhu al-Hijjah, encouraging them to worship and reflect.

On the 27th Rajab, Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was sent to Isra’ and Mi’raj from the mosque Aqsa, a miraculous night journey.

8. Sha’ban — A Time for Preparation

Sha'ban, the eighth month of the Islamic calendar, literally means "Two Peoples." It originates from the division of Arab tribes, either for launching military campaigns or searching for water.

Sha'ban is a time for preparing for the upcoming month of fasting, Ramadan. Muslims enhance their acts of worship, seeking forgiveness and spiritual growth. Leading up to Ramadan, it is a Sunnah to fast more before the 15th of this month.

9. Ramadan — The Holiest Month of Fasting

Ramadan, the ninth and holiest month, means 'burning heat.'

During Ramadan, Muslims fast (Sawm) from dawn to dusk. It is the best time for giving Sadaqah and Zakat, engaging in increased prayer, supplication, and seeking forgiveness from Allah (SWT).

Ramadan concludes with the celebration of Eid al-Fitr, a festival marking the reward for fasting Muslims.

10. Shawwal — A Celebration of Eid and Gratitude

Shawwal, the tenth month of the Islamic calendar, translates to "Raising or Lifting." Historically, it was named for the time when camels would raise their tails during mating season.

Shawwal, the month following Ramadan, begins with the celebration of Eid al-Fitr. It is a time of joy, feasting, and gratitude for the spiritual growth achieved during Ramadan.

Fasting for six days in Shawwal is a Sunnah, considered equivalent to fasting for an entire year. The third of Shawwal commemorates the Battle of Uhud.

11. Dhu al-Qi’dah — A Month of Preparation for Hajj

Dhu al-Qa’dah means 'The Month of Rest'. It was named because Arabs would refrain from fighting and traveling during this time, staying at home.

Dhu al-Qa’dah is the eleventh month and marks the beginning of three consecutive sacred months. It precedes Dhu al-Hijjah, the month of pilgrimage, and serves as a time of preparation and reflection for those planning to undertake Hajj.

This month provides a sense of tranquility, making it ideal for self-reflection. It's a time to consider how we've grown since Ramadan and think about ways to improve ourselves.

12. Dhu al-Hijjah — The Month of Hajj and Sacrifice

Dhu al-Hijjah translates to "The Possessor of the Pilgrimage."

Dhu al hijjah, the twelfth month, is significant for the annual Hajj pilgrimage to Makkah. The first ten days are especially sacred, culminating in Eid al-Adha, the Festival of Sacrifice. This festival commemorates Prophet Ibrahim’s (AS) willingness to sacrifice his son.

12 Islamic Months

What are the Four Sacred Islamic Months in Islam?

The four sacred months in Islam are explicitly mentioned in both the Quran and Hadith. Allah states in the Quran:

“Indeed, the number of months with Allah is twelve [lunar] months in the register of Allah [from] the day He created the heavens and the earth; of these, four are sacred.”
(Surah At-Tawbah 9:36)

Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) also highlighted the significance of these months in his teachings. He (PBUH) advised Muslims to avoid sins and increase their good deeds during these times.

“The year contains twelve months of which four are sacred, three of them consecutive, viz. Dhul-Qa'dah, Dhul-Hijjah, and Muharram and also Rajab of Mudar which comes between Jumadah and Sha'ban.”
[Sunan Abi Dawud: 1947]

Here are the four sacred Islamic months:

1. Muharram

The best fast after the Ramadan is the fast of Muharram. It is recognized as one of the most sacred months. Its significance includes:

First Muharram: Start of the Islamic lunar year
Day of Ashura: It is a time for fasting, particularly on the 9th and 10th of Muharram (Day of Ashura). It commemorates the victory of Prophet Moses (peace be upon him) over Pharaoh.
Reflection and Charity: Muslims are encouraged to engage in reflection, prayer, and acts of charity.

2. Rajab

Rajab is the seventh month of the Islamic lunar calendar and holds special importance:

Isra and Mi'raj: Many scholars believe that Prophet Muhammad's (peace be upon him) miraculous night journey and ascension (Isra and Mi’raj) occurred on the 27th of Rajab.
Acts of Worship: Muslims are encouraged to increase their fasting, praying, and seeking forgiveness.

3. Dhul Qa’dah

Dhul Qa’dah is the eleventh month of the Islamic calendar and is one of the four sacred months:

Time of Truce: Historically, this month was regarded as a time of truce and peace, avoiding conflicts and wars.
The best month to perform Umrah: Allah's Messenger (PBUH) performed four Umras, all in the month of Dhul-Qa'da, except the one which he performed with his Hajj (i.e. in Dhul-Hijja). (Sahih al-Bukhari 4148)
Preparation for Hajj: It is a period when pilgrims begin their preparations for Hajj, the annual pilgrimage to Mecca. Muslims use this month to enhance their devotion and spiritually prepare for the upcoming pilgrimage.

4. Dhul Hijjah

Dhul Hijjah is the twelfth and final month of the Islamic lunar calendar and it is considered as most significant due to the Hajj and Eid al-Adha:

Most Sacred Days: The first ten days of Dhul Hijjah are the most important days in the Islamic calendar as millions of Muslims gather in Mecca for Hajj.
Rewards of Fasting: Fasting for each day during the first ten days of this month is believed to earn rewards equivalent to fasting an entire year.
Eid al-Adha Celebration: On the 10th day of Dhul Hijjah, Muslims celebrate Eid al-Adha.
Honoring Qurbani: Muslims observe Qurbani to honor the sunnah of the prophet Ibrahim (AS). It showcases the devotion and submission that Allah (SWT) expects from His followers.

Key Holidays in the Islamic Months

Here are the two key Islamic dates on which Muslims observe the holidays and enjoy feasts as per the Sunnah of the Prophet (PBUH).

Eid al-Fitr (1st of Shawwal)

Eid al-Fitr is celebrated on the first day of Shawwal, right after Ramadan, the month of fasting. Festivities include special meals, and families and friends exchange gifts.

Day of Arafa (9th of Dh al-Hijjah)

The Day of Arafah is when Allah (SWT) completed the religion of Islam and blessed Muslims and all of humanity. On this day, Allah (SWT) declared His choice of Al-Islam—The Peace—as the religion for believers until the end of time.

Eid al-Adha (10th of Dhu al-Hijjah)

Eid al-Adha holiday commemorates Prophet Ibrahim's willingness to sacrifice his son. Eid al-Adha is celebrated after the annual Hajj pilgrimage to Makkah, during which specific rituals are performed. The festivities include special meals and the exchange of gifts among family and friends worldwide.

12th Rabi al-Awwal

The 12th of Rabi al-Awwal marks the birth of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). Therefore, there is a holiday celebrated in Pakistan with various festivities and gatherings.

9th & 10th Muharram

The 9th and 10th of Muharram are observed to commemorate the martyrdom of Hazrat Hussain (RA). These days are marked by mourning and reflection, with public holidays observed in Pakistan.

Note: Not all Islamic countries observe holidays on the 12th of Rabi al-Awwal, and the 9th and 10th of Muharram. This is due to differing schools of thought and discrepancies in the dates.

The days of the week in the Islamic Months

Here are the Arabic names of the days and their English meaning:

S. No	Days of Week	Arabic Names	English Meanings
1	Sunday	Yawm al-Ahad	Day of the One or Day One
2	Monday	Yawm al-Ithnayn	Day of the Two or Day Two
3	Tuesday	Yawm al-Thulatha	Day Three
4	Wednesday	Yawm al-Arbi’a	Day Four
5	Thursday	Yawm al-Khamis	Day Five
6	Friday	Yawm al-Jumu’ah	The Day of the Reunion
7	Saturday	Yawm al-Sabt	The Day of Severance

Note: In some Muslim countries, the week begins on Sunday and concludes on Saturday. The workweek spans from Sunday to Thursday, while Friday and Saturday serve as the days off or weekends.

In conclusion, understanding the meaning and historical significance of Islamic months deepens our appreciation of this unique calendar. Each month carries its own traditions, celebrations, and spiritual reflections, especially the four sacred months that emphasize peace and devotion.

By exploring key holiday dates and days of the week in Islamic months, we gain insights into the rich tapestry of Islamic heritage. Embracing this knowledge enriches our faith and strengthens our connection to the community.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What are the 12 Islamic months in order?

The 12 Islamic months in order: Muharram, Safar, Rabi al-Awwal, Rabi al-Thani, Jumada al-Awwal, Jumada al-Thani, Rajab, Sha’ban, Ramadan, Shawwal, Dhul Qidah, and Dhul Hijjah.

What are the four forbidden months in Islam?

The four sacred months in Islam are Muharram, Rajab, Dhu al-Qi'dah, and Dhu al-Hijjah. During these months, fighting is traditionally prohibited, and Muslims are encouraged to engage in acts of worship and reflection.

Which countries still operate the Islamic calendar?

The Islamic calendar serves as the official calendar in Gulf countries, particularly Saudi Arabia. However, after 2016, Saudi Arabia began using the Gregorian calendar for paying public sector employees. Other Muslim countries primarily use the Gregorian calendar for civil matters and refer to the Islamic calendar only for religious observances.

Why does the Islamic calendar start with Muharram?

The Islamic calendar begins with Muharram, which marks the migration (Hijra) of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) from Mecca to Medina in 622 CE. This event is significant in Islamic history as it represents the establishment of the first Muslim community and the beginning of the Islamic era.

How to convert the Islamic year into Gregorian?

To convert an Islamic calendar year (A.H.) to a Gregorian year (A.D. or C.E.), you can use these simple equations. They help you change between the two calendars easily.

A.D. (Anno Hegirae, A.H.) = 622 + (32/33 x A.H.)
A.H. (Anno Domini, A.D. or Common Era, C.E.) = (33/32) x (A.D. – 622)

What is the difference between Islamic and Gregorian calendars?

A Hijri month alternates between 29 and 30 days. This makes a Hijri year around 11 days shorter than the Gregorian year, with 354-355 days in total. As a lunar calendar, the Islamic calendar months are based on the moon's phases, causing the months to shift each year. The Gregorian calendar follows the solar year, with months usually having 30 or 31 days, making the year longer.

How Do Islamic Months Begin?

A new month begins when the Waxing Crescent Moon is observed after sunset. The Waxing Crescent Moon is the phase that begins immediately after the New Moon. The latest month starts the following day if it's sighted on the 29th day. If not, the current month extends to 30 days.

Traditionally, a committee or appointed authority must see the Crescent Moon to confirm the month's length. Poor weather conditions can sometimes block the moon from being seen, even when it's there. This can extend the month by a day, affecting the timing of Muslim holidays, which may change with little notice.

WRITTEN BY

Ali Raza (Islamic Jurisprudence)

Ali Raza holds a Master of Arts in Islamic Studies and is an expert in Islamic theology and jurisprudence. Specializing in Zakat, Sadaqah, and other Islamic donations, Ali's writings provide valuable insights into the religious and ethical aspects of charity. His work for Pakistan Sweet Homes aims to educate and inspire readers to support orphan care and charitable initiatives, making him a key contributor to the organization's mission.